Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the idea of relativity, one in every of the 2 pillars of recent physics (alongside quantum mechanic) His work is additionally known for its influence on the philosophy of science. he's best known to the overall public for his principle formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 honor in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and particularly for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step within the development of scientific theory.
The son of a salesman who later operated an electrochemical factory, Einstein was born within the German Empire but moved to Switzerland in 1895 and renounced his German citizenship in 1896. Specializing in physics and arithmetic, he received his academic teaching diploma from nation Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich in 1900. the subsequent year, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for his entire life. After initially struggling to seek out work, from 1902 to 1909 he was employed as a patent examiner at Swiss people federal agency in Bern.
Near the start of his career, Einstein thought that mechanics was now not enough to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at land bureau. In 1905, called his annus mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, which attracted the eye of the tutorial world; the primary outlined the idea of the photoelectric effect, the second paper explained Brownian movement, the third paper introduced relativity, and therefore the fourth principle. That year, at the age of 26, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich.
He published quite300 scientific papers and more than 150 non-scientific works. His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with "genius". Eugene Paul Wigner compared him to his contemporaries, writing that "Einstein's understanding was deeper even than Jancsi von Neumann's. His mind was both more penetrating and more original".
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, within the dominion of Württemberg within the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.[5] His parents were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a corporation that manufactured electrical equipment supported electricity.
The Einsteins were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich, from the age of 5, for 3 years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium (now called the physicist Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary and lyceum education until he left the German Empire seven years later.[18]
In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company lost a bid to produce town of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital to convert their equipment from the electricity (DC) standard to the more efficient electricity (AC) standard. The loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein, then 15, stayed in Munich to complete his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue technology, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and pedagogics. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and artistic thought was lost in strict memorisation. At the highest of December 1894, he traveled to Italy to affix his family in Pavia, convincing the faculty to let him pass employing a doctor's note. During his time in Italy he wrote a quick essay with the title "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether during a Magnetic Field".
Einstein always excelled at math and physics from a young age, reaching a mathematical level years prior to his peers. The twelve-year-old Einstein taught himself algebra and geometry over one summer. Einstein also independently discovered his own original proof of the Pythagorean theorem at age 12.[23] A family tutor Max Talmud says that after he had given the 12-year-old Einstein a geometry textbook, after a quick time "[Einstein] had worked through the whole book. He thereupon devoted himself to higher mathematics... Soon the flight of his mathematical genius was so high i could not follow."[24] His passion for geometry and algebra led the twelve-year-old to become convinced that nature could also be understood as a "mathematical structure".[24] Einstein started teaching himself calculus at 12, and as a 14-year-old he says he had "mastered integral and differential calculus".[25]
At age 13, when he had become more seriously fascinated by philosophy (and music),[26] Einstein was introduced to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, and Kant became his favorite philosopher, his tutor stating: "At the time he was still a toddler, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary mortals, looked as if it would be clear to him."[24]
In 1895, at the age of 16, Einstein took the doorway examinations for land Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH). He failed to reach the required standard within the final a component of the examination,[27] but obtained exceptional grades in physics and arithmetic.[28] On the advice of the principal of the polytechnic school, he attended the Argovian cantonal school (gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1895 and 1896 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging with the family of professor Jost Winteler, he fell dotty with Winteler's daughter, Marie. Albert's sister Maja later married Winteler's son Paul.[29] In January 1896, along with his father's approval, Einstein renounced his citizenship within the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service.[30] In September 1896, he passed country Matura with mostly good grades, including a top grade of 6 in physics and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1–6.[31] At 17, he enrolled within the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Zürich polytechnic school. Marie Winteler, who was a year older, moved to Olsberg, Switzerland, for a teaching post.[29]
Einstein's future wife, a 20-year-old Serbian woman Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the polytechnic school that year. She was the only real woman among the six students within the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the following few years, Einstein's and Marić's friendship developed into romance, which they read books together on extra-curricular physics during which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900, Einstein passed the exams in Maths and Physics and was awarded the Federal teaching diploma. There are claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his 1905 papers, cited because the Annus Mirabilis papers, but historians of physics who have studied the problem find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.
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